Third, some scholars have proposed, based largely on the evidence of Josephus ( Ant. XIV.4.5) [8] and Philo ( Leg. Ad. Gaium 155) [9] , that the majority of Jews in Rome arrived as slaves [...] concerned from the rites and engravings left by members of the mainstream Mediterranean religions. [21] The earliest Jewish catacombs are not considered proper catacombs, but are rather a series of